353RENAL PHARMACOLOGY: DIURETICS AND RENIN-ANGIOTENSINALDOSTERONE AXIS MODULATIONThis chapter gives a combined introduction to renal pharmacology with particular focus on the diuretics and reninangiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) modulation. It starts with the kidney physiology, nephron anatomy and the RAAS regulation as the basis of the knowledge on renal drug targets. The key types of diuretics include loop, thiazide, potassiumsparing, osmotic agents, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors that are discussed according to their locations of action, mechanisms, indications, and side effects. The pharmacology of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, and aldosterone antagonists is described and their roles in hypertension, heart failure, volume overload, and diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy are mentioned. Electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, clinically significant drug interactions, and diuretic resistance and RAAS escape mechanisms are also discussed in the chapter. Lastly, it concludes by summarizing newer therapies, such as the use of vasopressin antagonists, angiotensin receptorneprilysin, SGLT2, and the increasing relevance of biomarkers, pharmacogenomics, and combination therapies based on guidelines in the effort to provide individualized renal therapy to achieve better clinical outcomes in modern clinical practice and teaching.kattasrinivas168@gmail comResearch1612026Renal pharmacology; Diuretics; Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; RAAS modulators; NephroprotectionSrinivas K1*, Naga Lokesh G1, Ekamsh P1, Varun R,Dr. Purushothaman MPharm.D, V Year Student, Department of Pharmacy Practice, KLR Pharmacy College, Paloncha, Telangana, India,Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, KLR Pharmacy College, Paloncha, Telangana, India.